What Is Biofeedback and How Does It Work

What Is Biofeedback and How Does It Work Theories Biological Psychology Print What Is Biofeedback and How Does It Work? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 16, 2019 Frances Twitty / Getty Images More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Biofeedback is a mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions. This may include gaining voluntary control over such things as heart rate, muscle tension, blood flow, pain perception, and blood pressure. This process involves being connected to a device with sensors that provide feedback about specific aspects of your body. A Closer Look at Biofeedback The goal of biofeedback is often to make subtle changes to the body that result in a desired effect. This might include relaxing certain muscles slowing heart rate or respiration, or reducing feelings of pain. By doing this, people are often able to improve their physical, emotional, and mental health. For example, biofeedback can also be used to help people better manage the symptoms of a condition. The Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback?? defines biofeedback as a process that allows people to alter their physiological activity in order to improve health or performance. Utilizing precise measurement instruments, information about the bodys functions are provided to the user. They suggest: The presentation of this informationâ€"often in conjunction with changes in thinking, emotions, and behaviorâ€"supports desired physiological changes. Over time, these changes can endure without continued use of an instrument. Types of Biofeedback There are many different types of biofeedback. The specific approach you choose to utilize might depend upon what you hope to accomplish and what your therapist or physician recommends. Some of the available options include: Breathing: Respiratory biofeedback involves wearing sensor bands around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing rates and patterns. With training, people can learn to have greater control over their breathing rates which can help in a variety of situations. Heart rate: This type is known as heart rate variability biofeedback?? and there is some evidence that it might possibly be useful for a number of different disorders including asthma and depression. Patients using this type of biofeedback wear a device connected to sensors in either the ears or fingers or sensors placed on the wrists, chest, or torso. These devices measure heart rate as well as heart rate variability. Galvanic skin response: This type of biofeedback involves measuring the amount of sweat on the surface of the skin. Galvanic skin response, also known as skin conductance, is a useful marker for detecting levels of emotional arousal. Aside from the obvious thermoregulatory function of sweat, emotional stimulation can also easily trigger sweating. The more strongly people are aroused, the stronger their skin conductance will be. Blood pressure: This type of biofeedback involves wearing a device that measures blood pressure. These devices provide information about the patients blood pressure and often guide the user through relaxation techniques that may rely on visual cues, breathing exercises, or music. While such devices have gained popularity, one study reviewing eight previous trials did not find convincing evidence that this type of biofeedback has any lasting long-term impact on hypertension.?? Skin temperature: In this form of biofeedback, patients wear sensors that detect blood flow to the skin. Because people often experience a drop in body temperature during times of stress, such devices can help people better detect when they are starting to feel distressed. A low reading on one of these monitors can indicate a need to utilize some stress management techniques. Brain waves: This type of biofeedback, often referred to as neurofeedback, involves utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain wave activity. Scalp sensors are connected to an EEG device. Neurofeedback is sometimes used as a non-invasive treatment for ADHD, pain, addiction, anxiety, depression, and other disorders. Muscle tension: In this type of biofeedback, sensors are placed at various points on the body and connected to an electromyography (EMG) device. This device detects changes in muscle tension over time by monitoring electrical activity that results in muscle contractions. How Is Biofeedback Used? Biofeedback has been used for a range of applications, including:?? Treating tension headaches, migraines, and other painControlling high and low blood pressureAlleviating digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndromeHelping patients control physical reactions to stress or anxietyAiding in relaxation and stress managementEEG feedback has also been shown to be beneficial in managing symptoms of certain brain injuries and attention deficit disorder, and there is some evidence suggesting it might be efficacious in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Biofeedback is particularly useful for managing stress as well as symptoms of conditions that may be exacerbated by stress.?? For example, therapists might use biofeedback to help patients control their response to stress. Chronic stress can have a wide range of negative health effects including decreased immunity, heart disease, depression, digestive problems, and sleep disorders. By learning how to manage the stress response using biofeedback, patients are able to decrease the harmful physical and psychological effects of stress. How Does Biofeedback Work? So how exactly does biofeedback work? By learning how to recognize the physical signs and symptoms of stress and anxiety, such as increased heart rate, body temperature, and muscle tension, people are able to learn how to relax. Scientists believe that it is often the stress response, the bodys tendency to go into a state of fight-or-flight in order to deal with potential threats, that often exacerbates certain conditions. By learning how to control physiological responses to stress, biofeedback patients are able to learn how to relax their minds and bodies and better cope with the symptoms of stress. So what is a typical biofeedback session like? Electrical sensors will be connected to specific areas of your body, depending upon the type of response being measured. These sensors will be connected to a measurement device that will provide feedback on your physical responses. During your session, your therapist will guide you through different mental exercises that may involve visualization, meditation, breathing, or relaxation techniques. As you perform these activities, you will receive information on your physical response from the measurement device. How Long Does Biofeedback Take? A biofeedback session will often last between 30 and 60 minutes. The duration of treatment and the number of sessions required depends on many factors, including how well you respond to the training, the condition you are focusing on, and your goals for treatment. A typical course of treatment often includes 4 to 6 sessions, although 8 to 10 sessions are also not uncommon. How Much Does Biofeedback Cost? Costs for biofeedback can vary considerably, often ranging from $35 to $85 per biofeedback session. Fees can vary depending upon the training, qualification, and experience of the biofeedback therapist. There are also a number of in-home biofeedback devices and wearables available on the market. Such devices can range considerably in price, with some costing as low as $20 and more expensive ones costing thousands. How Effective Is Biofeedback? Biofeedback is often considered a type of training, rather than a treatment. With training and practice, biofeedback can be used to help people develop new skills that may help them to better cope or perform.?? In order to be effective, biofeedback requires that patients play an active role in their treatment. Success also usually requires that patients regularly practice between training sessions. Biofeedback Devices Biofeedback devices utilized for clinical purposes are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Biofeedback devices are often available through a biofeedback therapists office or the office of another health practitioner. A number of biofeedback devices can be purchased for personal, in-home use. Such devices often involve wearing sensors that record information and can then be plugged into a computer. Other wearable devices utilize sensors that then provide information via an app on your mobile device. A quick perusal of biofeedback devices available through online retailers such as Amazon.com reveals a number of wearable instruments ranging from muscle sensors to skin response units to brain wave monitors. Such devices make a wide variety of claims and target a number of different ailments such as migraines, pelvic floor weakness, snoring, depression, ADHD, autism, sleep disruptions, and more. Before you purchase any type of personal biofeedback device, spend some time examining the claims. Many such devices make claims that are highly exaggerated and not supported by research. It is important to know that most of the devices you see available for purchase have not been evaluated for safety or effectiveness by the Food and Drug Administration. Talk to your therapist about which devices they recommend. Reasons to Use Biofeedback Like other approaches to treatment, biofeedback has both its own set of upsides and downsides. It may not be right for everyone, so it is important to consider the benefits and risks before you determine if it the best choice for your situation. So what are some of the reasons why you might consider using biofeedback? It Can Be an Alternative or Addition to Other Treatments Biofeedback may appeal in situations where other treatments have not been effective or where people are unable to take certain medications. Because biofeedback is non-invasive, patients may prefer it in situations where other treatments may be more invasive or disrupting. Biofeedback training can also be used as one part of a treatment approach. People often choose to utilize biofeedback to augment other treatments. You Want to Better Manage Your Stress Biofeedback also teaches people how to control their own responses in stressful situations, which can help people feel more in control. This can help people better manage the stress they may face in their daily life, cope with feelings of anxiety, or handle stress that results from another health condition. Other Mental Health Benefits of Biofeedback In addition to helping people better manage stress and other conditions,  biofeedback can also have additional mental health benefits. The training process can help people learn new techniques for managing their anxiety and emotional responses. Such training can also help people take charge of their health, which may help people feel more empowered and in control. What Are the Risks of Biofeedback? Biofeedback is generally thought of as a safe procedure, but you should always talk to your physician or therapist about your options before you begin. Biofeedback is not necessarily right for everyone and other approaches might work better for your unique situation. If you do decide biofeedback is right for you, be sure to check on the credentials of the professional treating you and be aware of the possible costs of your biofeedback trainings, including the cost per session and expenses associated with devices you may need to purchase. A Word From Verywell Biofeedback is one option that may help you gain greater control over your physical responses and behaviors. Consider the potential benefits, risks, and costs associated with this type of training before you decide if it might be right for you.

Operations Management Processes and Supply Chains

Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10e (Krajewski et al.) Chapter 14 Forecasting 1) The repeated observations of demand for a product or service in their order of occurrence form a pattern known as a time series. Answer: TRUE Reference: Demand Patterns Difficulty: Easy Keywords: time series, repeated observations 2) One of the basic time series patterns is random. Answer: TRUE Reference: Demand Patterns Difficulty: Easy Keywords: time series, pattern, random 3) Random variation is an aspect of demand that increases the accuracy of the forecast. Answer: FALSE Reference: Demand Patterns Difficulty: Easy Keywords: random variation, forecast accuracy 4) Aggregation is the act of clustering†¦show more content†¦Answer: FALSE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: regression, correlation coefficient 16) The larger the slope of the regression line, the more accurate the regression forecast. Answer: FALSE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Easy Keywords: regression line, correlation coefficient, slope 17) A linear regression model results in the equation Y = 15 - 23X. If the coefficient of determination is a perfect 1.0, the correlation coefficient must be -1. Answer: TRUE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: regression, correlation coefficient, slope, coefficient of determination AACSB: Analytic skills 18) The standard error of the estimate measures how closely the data on the independent variable cluster around the regression line. Answer: FALSE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: standard error, regression 19) Time-series forecasts require information about only the dependent variable. Answer: TRUE Reference: Time-Series Methods Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: time-series method, dependent variable Learning Outcome: Describe major approaches to forecasting 20) A naive forecast is a time-series method whereby the forecast for the next period equals theShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Operations Reference Model: Purpose and Operations1092 Words   |  5 PagesSupply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR): Information about (SCC) Developed by Supply Chain Council (SCC) SCC: Independent, not-for-profit corporation organized in 1996 by: Global management-consulting firm, Pittiglio Rabin Todd McGrath (PRTM) and Market research firm, Advanced Manufacturing Research (AMR) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Started with 69 voluntary companies; now close to 1000 members. 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Operations Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 III. Supply Chain Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 IV. 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When Scientists Sin, And Leonard Cassuto s Paper

A key mechanism of societal function is money. Whether manifested as the cash needed to buy groceries or as the funds required to wage war or make investments, money is an essential element of what drives the developed world. This concept has an immense impact on scientific research, and it is found to be especially prevalent within both Michael Shermer’s article â€Å"When Scientists Sin† and Leonard Cassuto’s paper â€Å"Big Trouble in the World of ‘Big Physics,’† chiefly through an emphasis on the pressure for scientists and the scientific community to provide results. While this is not surprising, the extent to which it is able to negatively affect the reputability and quality of science is, and this is quite disturbing. Much of Shermer’s†¦show more content†¦This is only reinforced by Cassuto’s work, as it discusses at length the â€Å"publish or perish† (Cassuto, 228) nature of scientific research. In an environment where highly visible success—the type of success that Schà ¶n embodied before his fraudulence was revealed—is needed in order to sustain a career, it seems that the system which dictates success should have nearly impassable safeguards against fraudulent achievement of that success. However, despite all that is both fiscally and less tangibly—chiefly by way of reputation and public trust—at stake, that may not be the case. Much of the discussion surrounding Schà ¶n’s scandal within Cassuto’s paper was centered on disappointment with the scientific community and the process that allowed Schà ¶n to gain his fame with falsified research results, in addition to disappointment with Schà ¶n for his fraudulence. Failures within the former are perhaps more severe than the transgressions of the latter, however, as a lack of competency within the review process can afford for the perpetuation of fraud, while Schà ¶n’s disregard for adequately performed science is, in and of itself, an isolated case. This process, peer review, is supposed â€Å"to weed out substandard work,† (Cassuto, 232) and—perhaps just as, or even more, importantly—it â€Å"governs external funding,† (Cassuto, 232). As peer review determines what is

The Impact Of Digital Technology On Consumer Electronics,...

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Other than that, Maxis Berhad is offering on postpaid services under the Maxis brand and via prepaid formast under the Hotlink. It uses the dialling prefix identifier of 012, 014 and 017. The uses of

Principles of Corporate Finance Market Price Bond

Question: Describe about the Principles of Corporate Finance for Market Price Bond. Answer: 1. Face value of the bonds = $ 1000 Coupon payment = 15% of 1000 = $ 150 paid semi-annually Time remaining to maturity = 4 years Current market price of the bond = $890 Hence, YTM would be the discount rate at which the present value of the expected payments from the bond would be equal to $ 890 (Damodaran, 2008). This comes out as 20.27% pa from the calculation shown below. Half Year Cash inflow PV of cash flows 1 75 68.10 2 75 61.83 3 75 56.14 4 75 50.97 5 75 46.28 6 75 42.02 7 75 38.15 8 1075 496.51 Total 860.00 Thus, YTM = 20.27%pa. 2. As per Fischer effect equation, (1+Real Interest Rate)*(1+Inflation rate) = (1+Nominal Interest Rate) Hence, (1+Real Interest Rate)*(1.03) = 1.14 Thus, 1+Real Interest Rate = 1.1068 Solving the above, Real interest rate = 10.68% pa 3. Let the price today be $ X Thus, Return on Stock = [(Next year price - Current Price + Dividend)/Current Price]*100 Here, next year price = $ 78, Dividend = $ 6, Return on stock = 10% Hence, 0.1 = (78-X+6)/X Solving the above, we get X = $ 76.36 4. As per the information given, EMI = $ 220, Principal = $ 5,000, Interest rate per month= 2% We use the formula for EMI which is stated below EMI = P*R*(1+R)N/((1+R)N -1) Here N is the time period in months which is unknown Hence, 220 = 5000*0.02*(1.02)N/[(1.02)N-1] Solving the above we get, N = 30.59 months or 31 months Nominal Annual Interest Rate = Monthly rate * 12 = 2* 12 = 24% pa Annual Effective Rate = [(1+0.02)12 -1] = 26.82% pa 5. As per the question, money to the tune of $ 4,000 would be deposited at the end of 2nd, 3rd and 4th year. Starting amount in the account at the beginning of the 1st year = $ 7,000 Interest rate = 8% pa Hence, amount at the end of the three years = 7000(1.08)3 + 4000(1.08) + 4000 = $ 17,138 Amount at the end of the four years = 7000(1.08)4 + 4000(1.08)2 + 4000(1.08)+ 4000 = $ 22,509 6. Expected Sales = $ 600,000 Hence, current assets = 0.65*600000 = $ 390,000 Fixed assets = $ 1,600,000 Thus, total assets = 1,600,000 + 390,000 = $ 1,990,000 EBIT = 0.18*600000 = $ 108,000 Non-current liabilities = 0.45*Fixed Assets = 0.45*1,600,000 = $ 720,000 Hence, interest expense = 0.07*720000 = $50,400 Hence, PBT (Profit before tax) = EBIT interest = 108000 50400 = $ 57,600 Since no tax is applicable for the company, hence PBT and PAT are equal. ROA = (Net profit or PAT/Total Assets)*100 = (57600/1990000)*100 = 2.89% 7. The relevant model to be used is Gordon Dividend Growth Model. As per this model, Intrinsic market price = Next year dividend /(Required return Dividend Growth Rate) Next year dividend = 1.8*1.04 = $ 1.872 Price of share = 1.872/(0.16-0.04) = $ 15.6 8. The various benefits of a just in time inventory system are highlighted below (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). The inventory holding costs are minimised since the inventory stock held is minimal. There is high inventory turnover and hence minimal inventory obsolescence. The cash investment in terms of inventory is lower which provides additional liquidity to the company. The mistakes in the production are easier to spot which saves time and fixing costs. The various costs of a just in time inventory system are highlighted below (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). Significant delays if the supplier cannot supply the inventory on time An elaborate end to end IT infrastructure is required for the integration of the client and supplier so that orders are automatically placed based on the orders received. Any unexpected increase in demand in product may have adverse consequences since the availability of inventory cannot be increased at short notices specially where there is little in way of idle capacity. 9. The nominal value of the investment does not consider the impact of time value of money and hence is equal to the sum of all cash inflows = 10000 + 15000 + 11000 + 20000 = $ 56,000 The appropriate amount that B should pay for this investment is equal to the present value of these investments. The expected returns on the investment is given as 6% pa Appropriate amount = 10000/1.065 + 15000/1.066 + 11000/1.067 + 20000/1.068 = $ 37,910.9 Assuming that the opportunity cost of money or time value of money is zero, hence maximum amount payable is equal to the nominal value or $ 56,000 (Petty et. al., 2015). References Brealey, R, Myers, S Allen, F 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance (Global edition), 10th edn, McGraw Hill Publications, New York Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Wiley Publications, London Parrino, R Kidwell, D 2011, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 3rd edn, Wiley Publications, London Petty, JW, Titman, S, Keown, AJ, Martin, P, Martin JD Burrow, M 2015, Financial Management: Principles and Applications,6th edn, Pearson Australia, Sydney

Computer Service Technician Essays - Job Scheduling, Computer, 9

Computer Service Technician A Computer System Analyst's job would simply be help devise efficient patterns of information flow from their source to the computer. They also make the computer turn raw data to useful information. They prepare flow charts, diagrams, and record layouts. When interoperating to customers or managers they need to us non-technical language. To me the main part of this job would be managing the company's data. The tools and equipment used in this job may include flow charts and diagrams, reports and reference books, digital voltmeters, plotters and recorders, and terminals. Tools related to computer use would include Modems, computer networks, computers and monitors, computer printouts, computer scanners and optical disk readers. I would really enjoy the computer related tools. The following education classes will be very helpful for being successful for this job. They include, Composition, Algebra, Computer Science, Statistics, English, Calculus, Geometry and Trigonometry. Most likely you would want your Masters Degree for this job. So you could end up in college for over six years. Earnings of this job can be very nice. If you are a client or server you can make about $60,497. Mainframe can make about $56,890. Senior Systems Analyst Make up to $53,176. The last Title being Systems Analyst can make up to $48,053. Of course you will not start making this money right away. You may have to work a couple years until you get into the numbers I listed above. My thoughts on this job were very high. When I began to read from the paper I had got, I realized this would not be a very easy job. I thought all you did was play on computers but that is not the case. You are really going to work if you step into this job. If I had chosen this job I would like it very much because I would get my own office, which I would really like. Also I would really want a computer while I am working on my job. The strong points I have on this job are the ability to work with computers. I also am good with math. Math is really the key to this job. My low points will be, making charts. I believe you have to draw well and even write reports. This is something that I know I will have a hard time doing. Well this was career sheet I picked up. Have you learned what goes on in this job? Would it be easy or hard to you? What are your low points and high points? Well I hoped you like the description and thoughts I made. Just remember no job is ever easy! Business Reports

Sacbe, the Ancient Maya Road System

Sacbe, the Ancient Maya Road System A sacbe (sometimes spelled zac be and pluralized as sacbeob or zac beob) is the Mayan word for the linear architectural features connecting communities throughout the Maya world. Sacbeob functioned as roads, walkways, causeways, property lines, and dikes. The word sacbe translates to stone road or white road but clearly sacbeob had layers of additional meanings to the Maya, as mythological routes, pilgrimage pathways, and concrete markers of political or symbolic connections between city centers. Some sacbeob are mythological, subterranean routes and some trace celestial pathways; evidence for these roadways are reported in Maya myths and colonial records. Finding the Sacbeob Identifying the routes of the sacbe on the ground has been extremely difficult until recently  when techniques such as radar imaging, remote sensing, and GIS became widely available. Of course,  Maya historians remain an important source of information for these ancient roadways. The issue is complex, ironically enough, because there are written records that contradict one another. Several of the sacbe have been identified archaeologically, many others are still unknown but have been reported in colonial period documents such as the Books of Chilam Balam. In my research for this article, I did not discover any explicit discussions on how old the sacbeob are  but based on the ages of the connecting cities, they were functioning at least as early as the Classic period (AD 250-900). Functions In addition to simply roadways that facilitated movement between places, researchers Folan and Hutson argue that sacbeob were visual representations of economic and political connections between centers and their satellites, conveying the concepts of power and inclusion. Causeways may have been used in processions that emphasized this idea of community. One function described in recent scholarly literature is the role of the sacbe road system in the Maya market network. The exchange system of the Maya kept the far-flung (and very loosely connected) communities in touch  and made it possible both to trade goods and make and sustain political connections. Market centers with central locations and associated causeways include Coba, Maax Na, Sayil, and Xunantunich. Deities and Sacbeob Maya deities associated with roadways include Ix Chel in several of her manifestations. One is Ix Zac Beeliz or she who walks the white road. In a mural at Tulum, Ix Chel is shown carrying two small images of the Chaac god as she is walking along a mythological or real roadway. The deity Chiribias (Ix Chebel Yax or the Virgin of Guadalupe) and her husband Itzam Na are sometimes associated with roads, and the legend of the Hero Twins includes a journey through the underworld along several sacbeob. From Cob to Yaxuna The longest known sacbe is the one that stretches 100 kilometers (62 miles) between the Maya centers of Cob and Yaxuna on the Yucatn Peninsula of Mexico, called the Yaxuna-Cob causeway or Sacbe 1. Along Sacbe 1s east-west course are water holes (dzonot), steles with inscriptions and several small Maya communities. Its roadbed measures approximately 8 meters (26 feet) wide and typically 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, with various ramps and platforms alongside. Sacbe 1 was stumbled into by early twentieth century explorers, and rumors of the road became known to the Carnegie Institution archaeologists working at  Cob  by the early 1930s. Its entire length was mapped by Alfonso Villa Rojas and Robert Redfield in the mid-1930s. Recent investigations by Loya Gonzalez and Stanton (2013) suggest that the sacbes main purpose may have been to connect Cob to the large market centers of Yaxuna and, later,  Chichà ©n Itz, in order to better control trade throughout the peninsula. Other Sacbe Examples The Tzacauil sacbe is a solid rock causeway, which starts at the Late Preclassic acropolis of Tzacauil and ends just short of the large center of Yaxuna. Varying in width between 6 and 10 meters, and in height between 30 and 80 centimeters, this sacbes roadbed includes some crudely cut facing stones. From Cob to Ixil, 20 kilometers in length, is a noh be followed and described in the 1970s by Jacinto May Hau, Nicolas Caamal Canche, Teoberto May Chimal, Lynda Florey Folan and William J. Folan. This 6-meter wide sacbe crosses a marshy area and includes numerous small and large ramps. Close to Coba was a fairly large platform next to a vaulted building, which the Maya guides referred to as a customs house or  way station. This road may have defined the boundaries of Cobas urban area and region of power. From Ich Caan Ziho through  Akà ©Ã‚  to Itzmal, is a sacbe approximately 60 km in length, of which only a portion is in evidence. Described by Ruben Maldonado Cardenas in the 1990s, a network of roads still used today leads from Ake to Itzmal. Sources Bolles D, and Folan WJ. 2001.  An analysis of roads listed in colonial dictionaries and their relevance to pre-hispanic linear features in the Yucatan peninsula.  Ancient Mesoamerica  12(02):299-314. Folan WJ, Hernandez AA, Kintz ER, Fletcher LA, Heredia RG, Hau JM, and Canche N. 2009.  Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico: A Recent Analysis of the Social, Economic and Political Organization of a Major Maya Urban Center.  Ancient Mesoamerica  20(1):59-70. Hutson SR, Magnoni A, and Stanton TW. 2012.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"All that is solid†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : Sacbes, settlement, and semiotics at Tzacauil, Yucatan.  Ancient Mesoamerica  23(02):297-311. Loya Gonzlez T, and Stanton TW. 2013.  Impacts of politics on material culture: evaluating the Yaxuna-Coba sacbe.  Ancient Mesoamerica  24(1):25-42. Shaw LC. 2012.  The elusive Maya marketplace: An archaeological consideration of the evidence.  Journal of Archaeological Research  20:117-155.