Code of Professional Ethics and Conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Code of Professional Ethics and Conduct - Essay Example Each and every member of AICPA should be aware of the Interpretations, disciplinary actions and code of conduct thereby providing framework to work and provide desired results without affecting the ethical codes. This paper discusses in detail specific rules related to CPA Code of Ethics and Conduct focusing on : Section 102 – Integrity and Objectivity Section 201- Professional Competence Section 202 – Compliance with Standards Section 501 – Acts Discreditable Each section dscusses a separate cases on the expectation of code and its violation, the disciplinary action involved, prospects for AICPA to prevent breach in the above codes and personal viewpoints on disciplinary actions taken. 2. Case for Section 102 – Integrity and Objectivity (James W. Kingery of Lubbock, Texas) ... Discussion The decision taken by AICPA is apt according to the disciplinary procedures as upon misrepresentation of facts and figures of a company, it is the welfare of the end consumer. i.e. the Investor which is being questioned. The investors take their major investment decisions based on the financial statements and other details provided by the company, and this being misrepresented can lead to negative results for the investor thereby leading to huge losses or even closure of funds. Simultaneously, the same situation can arise for the company as it can lead to cooking up books and creating a bubble which can burst at any given point of time creating losses for end number of institutional and retail investors. Hence, a professional CPA appointed by the company has to comply with the standards and norms and it is his responsibility to educate the management about the consequences of misrepresentation of facts, which unfortunately Mr.Kingery failed to implement. Hence, the decisio n taken by AICPA stands to be apt for the unethical behavior of the member. Prospects for AICPA to prevent misrepresentation of facts Create database of companies who have hired CPA’s and perform second line audit activities on a regular basis to ascertain deviations by keeping the CPA framework . A post mortem review by Apex body would be advisable thereby limiting the liability of CPA and minimize the chances of fraudulent practices to arise in the organization. (Mortimer, 2003) 3. Case for Section 201- Professional Competence (Bruno A Fedele, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania) Professional Competence is the ability to perform professional services that is based on professional standards through application of knowledge and skill with proper diligence (Mele, 2005). A CPA member is

Cadbury The Worlds Second Largest Confectionery Company Marketing Essay

Cadbury The Worlds Second Largest Confectionery Company Marketing Essay Cadbury, which is the worlds second largest confectionery company, the second largest chewing gum company, the third largest soft drinks company, is also the only company that has a chocolate, candy and gum products, is a leading a large, growing, brand-led industry. It has a great market shares and has many honest consumers, but it has also a numerous of competitors such as Altria Group, Nestle, Hershey, Ferrero, Unilever, and so on. Cadbury Company produces markets and distributes confectionery (chocolate, sugar, sweets, chewing gum, etc.) and beverage products. To the competitors, Philippe Morris that is the worlds largest packaged food companies. Nestle is the worlds largest food manufacturer, and Nestle is famous for producing instant coffee and chocolate bars. Currently has for the local market and culture-rich products, such as Chocolate and candy, bottled water, beverages and dried milk. Hershey is the largest chocolate and candy manufacturer in the North America. Ferrero Gro up is the worlds fourth largest chocolate manufacturer. Unilever Group is the worlds second-largest consumer products maker. Unilever operates the following two major product areas: food and household and personal care products. So, besides Cadbury, Philippe Morris, Nestle, Hershey, Ferrero also produce candy and chocolate and some companies scale is larger than Cadbury. That it is a great threaten to Cadbury and they are the direct competitors to Cadbury as well. And all global candy and chocolate enterprise play a great role in the market battle in contend for markets. Competing features and competitive advantages Enterprises participating in market competition is founded by virtue of capital and its competitive characteristics of the enterprise (Piccolo, 2008). Companies must create a difference between competitors in order to survive in an invincible position in the market of fierce competition (Regan, 2008). However, any one of the characteristics or conditions is not forever. So, we must continue to develop innovative competitive features. In todays society, competition has following major characteristics: First, the expansion of the scope of competition, mainly including: 1) the diversification of the main competition. With the economic globalization, it will further promote the social division of labor, leading to the diversification pattern of competition. 2) The globalization of local competition. Economic integration and trade liberalization has reduced the country or regional limits of globalization towards the direction of promoting competition. 3) Competition content diversity. Modern competition not only stay in the competition for the market and customers, and further extended to technology, information, personnel and even strategic partners such as multi-level competition. Second, changes in competition mode, mainly: 1) the aim of competing has changed from the market share to compete for customer loyalty. With increased competition intensity, market share is difficult to sustain customer loyalty as competition goals; 2) the focus features of competition shifts from competition to process competition, part of the development of competition into the system from the competition; 3) the way of competing changes from competitively price non-price competition. The traditional way of price competition is difficult to adapt to these changes. Information technology reduces customer search and transaction costs, reduced services, economic globalization, national differences in the prices of the effectiveness of price competition; 4) the relationship is becoming cooperating and fights against each other. Only by establishing strategic alliances with competitors to form both the interaction between competition and cooperation, pursue win-win competitive effects, can only better meet customer needs, effective response to the competitive environment, competitive objectives of enterprises. Third the innovation of competition means. 1) Conversion from visible to invisible. With the technology and facilities improving, the competitiveness of enterprises shifts to the use of modern information technology, integration, functional reorganization, driving to improve efficiency of operation with information technology. 2) Competition shifted from a single competition to compound competition. The international logistics market, competition, the unique way of competition means is difficult both to obtain and maintain competitive advantage and meet customer demands for diversity in complex, showing a variety of sales promotion and use, services, price and promotion mix of the compound variety of competition means competition situation;3) Reliance from on the internal strength to both the internal strengths and external resources. But in the face all kinds of trade barriers and market access restrictions, companies simply is difficult to compete effectively with virtue of its own resources, only an integrated use of economic, psychological, political and public relations among other factors, with the government, associations, the media and the public, etc. the formation of internal strengths and external forces work together to beat the market and fierce competition to win. Under the new era of competitive characteristics, Cadbury also has its own competitive features that is powerful combination, and along with Kraft to create a market. Kraft and Cadbury combining has become the worlds largest confectionery company. Through the merger, it reflects the complementary advantages both of them. First, Cadbury could help Kraft make up for disadvantaged in chocolate and chewing gum products; Second, in some Kraft, there has not yet reached the emerging markets, Cadbury has established a relatively strong distribution system. Kraft launched Cadbury now choosing the timing of the acquisition can also be said about right. From the perspective of the development to Cadbury, its current operating conditions very good, but limited by company size, development bottlenecks encountered. So by merging, Cadbury will have a brighter future. A new kind of product and its target market After uniting with KFT, a new kind of product will be exploited, this is walnut candy. First, the main raw material of walnut is nut, which is a nut fruit. It has many effects. For example, Walnut nutritious are rich in protein, fat, minerals and vitamins, fat containing linoleum acid and more nutritional value, as well as vitamins B and E, which could prevent cell aging, enhance memory and release aging. Walnuts also contain special vitamin ingredients, not only did not increase cholesterol, but also reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol for atherosclerosis, hypertension and coronary heart disease human consumption. Walnuts contain linolenic acid and calcium, phosphorus, iron, the bodys skin beauty ideal agent, regular consumption of a profit the skin, hair Ukraine, and have prematurely white hair, and loss prevention functions. Walnuts also contain many trace elements needed by the body, which are important proprietary accessories. When you feel tired, chew more walnut, w ith ease fatigue and stress. So, if through a special process, nuts can be made the walnut sugar, that it not only can play the role of health care products, but also a broad market. This is the walnut candy birth. Because walnut candy is a new product to a lot of people, in order to better promote their products, to find greater and more extensive market, determine the target market is particularly important. Target market is the fundamental starting point of regional marketing. Analysis and grasp the regional marketing system, subsystem from its target market began to take marketing or target marketing positioning of thinking. Determining the target market must be looking for both demand in the market and consistent with its resources and advantages of the target market segments. Customers need is to be able to respond to customer requirements, and meet the customers desires and needs, and can see farther than the customers, to find and meet with customers and the request, so the key is to meet the needs of the customer better than competitors; integrated marketing is that the company will have to serve customers in all sectors interests, all sectors must be coordinated departure from the Cus tomer Perspective; earnings capability refers to enterprises depend on more than competitors to better meet customer need to make a profit. The first principle of selecting target market is that the market should demand, if there is no real market demand or potential demand, it can not be selected as the target market. Not for the company to decide what conditions should it do, but according to the social needs of the market to decide what to do. Second important principle of selecting the target market is that: to use their own existing resources, avoid weaknesses, looking for their strengths target market. Many enterprises focuses only on market demand, regardless of their condition diversification, it is very dangerous. Third principle of selecting target market is to pay attention to find the edge of target markets. In general, each company has its own possession of the technology, resources and operating conditions and it play a different role in marketing system. So the enterprise should treat market opportunity as a key factor in the marketing selection. But to the external enterprise, it is difficult to find such chances. Even as fierce competition among peers, so that market opportunities in certain sectors lost or diminished opportunities for efficiency, we can not blindly go outside the industry to find the target market. Therefore, the boundary between the industry and trade office, there will be a vacuum, usually called the edge of market opportunities. Edge of market opportunities on the one hand some companies can still play advantage, on the other hand, because it is covert, difficult to be found in most businesses, easy access to opportunities for efficiency. If companies need to look outside the target market in the industry, major efforts should be made to find market opportunities, and select edge of the target market. The fourth principle is to select the ideal target market, but also consider the different degree of difficulty into retirement. According to industry profit point of view, the most attractive target market should be high barriers to entry low barriers to exit. The fifth principle is to be good at identifying potential target markets and future target markets. Opportunities in the market some demand is evident, while another is hidden behind the existing market demand for some kind of demand, which we call the potential market opportunities, corresponding to, then there is a potential target market. Review of Prices Price objective Price target is the enterprise business goals. Through the pricing system, the enterprise is to make a proper price level to achieve its price objective(Steinberg, 2005). Because companies set their own price before the first target audience, the target group of their income determines their acceptable price. Then companies need to capture the market first, or first create profits as much as possible. If it is to capture the market, it should take penetration pricing, if the first to create profits as much as possible, we should use skimming pricing. It is why should have a price objective. While prices should also consider cost of production, circulation costs, profits and taxes. Walnut candy is one of the main components of walnut, and walnuts are distributed all over the world. Therefore, the production of raw materials is very convenient, relatively low freight costs and raw materials are more abundant. So a medium and reasonable price level should be positioned in Walnut candy. Price competition The so-called price competition points to that an enterprise considers the cost of enterprises and products based on market and enterprises has established a competitive price relative to competitors, thus price advantage attracts consumers, realizing the purpose of profit(Orzen, 2008; Kondo, 2004). It should say that, in the current market, price is still an important factor to affect the consumers to make in consumer choice, so the use of price competition means businesses to seize the market price reduction approach is still very effective. Price competition is an inherent phenomenon of market economy which is dominated by the law of market economy, and only follows the law of competition in commodity prices and other economic laws, economic activities, to achieve greater economic efficiency. Competition makes the consumer sensitive to very price; price competition has a strong effect. At the same time, price competitions can often significantly lowering prices and expanding market in growth companies. Therefore, the outbreak of a price war is to re-divide the market resources to expand production scale and the weak competitiveness of small businesses out. This realization of the effective allocation of resources, market price competition has certain inevitability. Walnut candy is a fresh product for most people, because of its abundant and wide variety of sources of raw materials, so it has a big price advantage. Meanwhile, Cadbury and Kraft as a joint, for the walnut candy sales offers a wide range of channels. Therefore, walnut candy as a new product is very competitive and has a broad space for development. Pricing strategies Pricing strategy is that through the assessment of the demand and cost analysis the business chooses one strategy to attract customers and achieve marketing mix of pricing strategies (Grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ler, 2008; Farmer, 2002). The low elasticity of demand (elasticity coefficient is less than 1, demand inelastic) of goods, should be taken to high pricing strategy. Sales influenced by the prices of its small, prices low after the sales drop, while the total income increase. Elasticity of demand for high (greater than 1, demand elasticity) of the commodity, low-cost pricing strategy should be adopted. Because prices will rapidly decline sales, resulting in sales revenue. Demand elasticity for a single (equal to 1) of the commodity, the price change will not lead to sales revenue, and should refer to other standard pricing. To Walnut candy should have a low-cost pricing strategy. For the walnut candy sales process, you can use Customer Value Innovation Strategy, which is a corporate strategic thinking. Such strategic thinking is orientated by the clients as a strategic orientation, it is based on the satisfying value to improve customers satisfaction and retain customers as loyal to the changing market environment, achieving sustainable development of enterprises. Meanwhile, to the enterprise, it could improve its core competitive capability to go ahead of the competitors under the Customer Value Innovation Strategy. The dynamic development of core capabilities associates to the changes customer value. If the enhancement of core capabilities can not meet the changed needs of customers, then upgraded the core competencies and is not to generate new competitive advantages. At this point, the development of core competencies should be modified of track and direction. Only when the upgraded the core competence could give customers greater satisfaction, the upgrad e can be as effective to enhance this. Thus, enhancement of core competence direction and goals should be founded under Customer Value Innovation Strategy. Key factors influence the price decisions and strategies The fundamental factors affecting the price are socially necessary labor time value. Value determines the price. In the commodity economy, commodity prices mainly determined by market supply and demand affect prices, but can not decide the price. Price decision, the main factors affecting the price: 1) raw materials, if raw material prices have gone up, prices go up. 2) Supply and demand, short supply of natural prices, sluggish sales will be lower prices; 3) consumer psychology; product design is reasonable, they are quite attractive to consumers, or it could be not. There are major environmental factors, such as the financial crisis, inflation and so on. Financial crisis and inflation will affect the purchasing power of consumers. In determining the price, it should be taken into account various factors.

The Battle for Control of Political Science Education :: Political Science Politics

The Battle for Control of Political Science Education Abstract Quantitative analysis, formal modeling, and other forms of hard science dominate the leading journals and research institutions of American political science. To justify a hard scientific approach to the study of politics demands elaborate philosophical argument. In particular, it demands answers to three questions: What is the character of political life (the ontological question)? How and what can we know about politics (the epistemological question)? What purpose should political knowledge serve (the normative question)? Yet few of today’s hard scientists offer sophisticated answers to these questions because one by-product of their hegemony in the discipline has been the banishment of political philosophy to the margins of the curriculum. Indeed, political philosophy is the most distinguished victim of today’s â€Å"normal science.† This essay offers graduate students a program by which to test the claims of hard science in a radical manner. It demons trates how reflection on personal experience, the study of history, and the study of philosophy offer different ways of scrutinizing the ideology of hard science. Each raises formidable challenges to the hard-scientific project. Some see the current conflict in American political science as little more than a battle over occupational resources. It is a battle over who gets hired, who gets published, and who leads our professional associations. What meager response the current â€Å"Perestroika† protest movement has elicited from hard scientists has focused on these issues. The conflict is partly a battle over scarce resources, but the protesters have also presented a radical critique of hard science as a means to study politics. Hard scientists have met this critique with silence. The protest will not disappear with a more equitable division of occupational spoils. Its substantive challenge, too, demands a response. The focus of the debate is the definition of â€Å"science† as it is applied to the study of human beings. Today’s protest movement is not anti-scientific, as some adherents of the hard-scientific establishment have tried to stigmatize it. Unlike post-modern thinkers, most protesters associated with Perestroika think of themselves as scientists. But what sort of science is possible when the object of study is a human society? Science has always been a contested concept, even in the realm of the physical sciences, and it remains so today.

My Study Plan for Korean Language

A. Study plans to improve foreign languages(Korean, English, etc) required for taking a bachelor’s degree course BEFORE and AFTER you come to Korea. Before coming to Korea I've always been interested in foreign languages such as : Japanese and Korean aside from English . I taught myself a good amount of Korean and a basic Japanese ,too . It was hard for me because there weren't enough time due to my school schedule and there weren't any language institutes here that my family can afford either. I taught myself Korean using sites like : Korean101. om , TalkToMeInKorean. com , HaruKorean. com and busyatom. com . These sites helped me improving my Koren and I plan to continue using them more frequently if I get accepted . Aside from these sites , I picked up a lot of my Korean just by watching English Subbed Korean shows and dramas . It was both entertaining , fun and educational too ! As for English I have been developing it ever since I was 9 years old , even before learning it in school I was mesmerized by this amazing language !!And as my curiosity grew , my desire to master this language grew too ! I had a very good background before learning it in school . In my class I was always ahead of my classmates in English because I loved it . After 2 years I started making friends with other American girls and that improved my skills . Movies , novels and websites , It all helped me to speak English fluently aside from what I was learning in school . My family wasn't financially able to get me a seat in a language institute , which is why I haven't done the TOFEL exam yet .Still I managed to teach myself . That makes me confident that if I get chosen for the scholarship and learn Korean and in an institute I'll be able to achieve more !! If I get chosen I'd spend the whole year studying as much as I can . Since I managed to teach myself English even though I was busy with school , exams and home works , I'm confident & 100% sure that if I spend a whole Year s tudying Korean and focusing on Korean I'll master Korean and learn very well . I would practice what I learn as I interact with people .I would learn outside the institute using the websites that I mentioned above to rich my Korean and my English at the same time . I'll make use of every situation , every second starting from my arrival – since all I'll have to do is study the language I've always yearned to learn for a long time – and soak in whatever I can get my hands , ears and eyes on ! It just can't get any better . It has always been my dream to speak Korean fluently and more than that , I've always dreamed of having Korean friends and living in Korea .I even wish that I'll be allowed to do volunteering in Korea & I really hope to get approval of my request and be able to pay back to the Korean community and get close to its people whether it's elders , children or anything I absolutely want to do it , please help me fulfill this request too . I know that it's t oo much to ask but I really want to volunteer . I wish that my Korean will help me earn Korean friends . I'd be honored if I get accepted by them and I'll be really thankful if they teach me about their country , traditions and morals .I hope that I can be good enough to get close to them and be worthy enough to learn from them . I'm always willing to try and willing to learn . Having a chance to become a step closer to my dreams , who's crazy enough to mess such an opportunity ! Aside from Korean I want to improve my English . As I taught myself Korean and some Japanese , I came to find my English improving gradually . When watching Korean media ( drama , shows .. ect) I learn new vocabularies in the English subs and after I translate them , I learn the Korean version of the words .In my first year I'll focus on Korean but I won't forget my English either . I'll make sure to double the educational benefit of the scholarship that I'll receive . If I'll be given the chance to Learn K orean , I'll make sure to get the best of what I have and double it up and improve my English and after that I'm having a new language : Japanese . If I was given the chance to receive a good education I'll make it double and gain not only education and knowledge , I'll learn experience from everyone around me .I will make friends with new people that'll be studying Korean with me . Practice both Korean and English with them & exchange culture with them ,too . As I progress in Korean I'll keep up with English . I'm planning on saving up from my allowance – or working part time job – to be able to pay for the TOFEL and perform the exam , Since I've never been able to do so because I didn't have money . This is only the beginning for me . I want to learn Japanese , Italian , French and Spanish too . That way I'll be able to contact other people. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart† . said Nelson Mandela As a person who's constantly fascinated by languages . I believe that a human being is on a journey of learning as long as he's breathing & never too old to learn . There's just so much to learn from everyone in this world ! by learning new languages I want to get in touch with its people and their minds , their culture and experiences !My curiosity of the teachings other people carry around the world , fuels my desire to speak their language which will inspire me in my works and enlighten my life and my mind . I believe in myself and in my abilities & I'm yearning for attention , care and support . I know that if I live in a constructive , educational environment it'll help me sharpen my skills and be a productive promising talent . If I get the chance to be a KGSP student , I will work hard to prove that you chose the right student and do my best in order to achieve that.

Crouching Orwell, Hidden Diddion (a Contrast Between the Authors)

Orwell and Didion, two distinguished authors that each had their own reasons for writing. Both Orwell and Didion each took time breaking down parts of their lives to give examples of the nature of their writing and how it developed through their lives. Some have taken it upon themselves to classify Orwell and Didion as similar. While it is true that they have some slight similarities, that's only to be expected of two individuals in the same profession. When you start to dig through their words it soon becomes overwhelming on just how different they are as both writers, authors, and people. Orwell had a lonely childhood. He however had a notion that he would be a writer. He even described it like it was an inescapable destiny. â€Å"I knew when I grew up I should be a writer†¦ I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature†¦ †. (90) This forever looming moment of self discovery stayed with him through his childhood through young adulthood where he later tried to rebel against his ever apparent nature. Orwell sensed that he had a power over words, learning to harness his gift as he toiled through the process of learning exactly what kind of writer he wanted to be. Orwell soon was ruling the literary power that he then strengthened with exercising his imagination. (91) Didion didn't seem to do these types of mental exercises until later. Giving Orwell a distinct advantage over the the world that she was finding herself breaking into. She didn't have Orwell's uncanny insight into what she was going to be. In fact from what she mentioned, she didn't have any insight into her own mind much less her driving ambition. Just the opposite of Orwell, instead of her controlling her imagination, Didion was experiencing the sensation of words and simple images having a power over her. (225) As they defined their styles, the differences only increased. Especially as Orwell gained his new political purpose infused writing style. â€Å"Using the word ‘political' in the widest possible sense. Desire to push the world in a certain direction. † This new element of his writing drew a iron line in the sand between himself and Didion. This is one of the most distinct contrasts in their writing. Didion's writing was for herself, about herself, to cope with herself. It was her passion and her sickness. She was the primary benefactor of her writings, It was a way to be able to sort things out in her head. (225) Orwell wrote for entirely different reasons. He didn't write for himself through artistic pursuit alone. He instead started to imprint his writings with purpose and meaning, to get his own ideas into the heads of others. Orwell wanted to change their minds on subjects he felt passionate about. This was the core of his writing, to write for others; to influence others. He wanted to make an impact on their thoughts and their views; To change them and subsequently change the world around him. Didion in her essay never referenced Orwell besides an opening statement about ‘stealing' the title of said essay from him. She didn't point out any similarities between them at all, how could she? They had nothing in common except for both of them being writers. Orwell's reasons for writing is driven, fueled and dragged with two primary concepts that he listed: Political Purpose and Aesthetic enthusiasm. Orwell's dream and goal is to make political writing into an art. Didion's reasons were self discovery to formulate her thoughts and to get out the images she see's in her head. This was not a want for her, it is a need. She needs her writing to figure out her own fears, wants, likes, dislikes She sights the reason behind this was not having access to her own mind, as if writing was a key to open the door. For if she had a clear mental pathway â€Å"There would have been no reason to write. † (225) In conclusion Orwell and Didion have been different from the beginning to the end. They have different approaches to their writing, different reasons and different outcomes. I feel almost as if they are opposites rather then reflections of one another. As my eyes scan the essays both of them have written I do not find myself thinking back to the others writing. I'm lost in each picture that they paint of themselves and the world. One is in red, the other in blue, they are both colors, but are nothing alike. They sound different, feel different, portray themselves and their basis-es and reasons differently. They are in one word: different.