Sanger Rainsford: The Realist Essay -- essays research papers

Sanger Rainsford: The Realist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most dangerous game began as a sport for one man. His name is Sanger Rainsford. In Richard Connell’s story â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† Sanger Rainsford, an avid hunter, is lost at sea, stranded on â€Å"Ship-Trap† Island-every sailor’s worst nightmare. Rainsford goes through a series of events that prove to be life-altering. Even though Sanger Rainsford went through many trials and tribulations, he never lost his intelligence, composure, or his bravery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainsford is an intelligent man. Early in the story, â€Å"Rainsford remembered the shots. They had come from the right, and he doggedly swam in that direction† (34). Rainsford had just fallen in the water, swam fifty feet further out, but he kept his senses in the right direction. In total darkness, Rainsford used his intelligence and intellect to reach the land. Also, I don’t think that Rainsford knew he was being sized up when Zaroff was staring at him, but when â€Å"Rainsford’s bewilderment showed in his face† (100), he quickly understood what Zaroff was leading too. Rainsford wasn’t a murderer. Sure he liked to hunt game, but he wasn’t bored as Zaroff was. Rainsford never bought into all the old tales. ‘â€Å"One superstitious sailor can taint the whole ship’s company with fear†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (20). He never got worked up or stressed out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainsford kept his composure. He stood for right and wrong, but was content through dinner. ‘â€Å"...

Brand Loyalty from a Multi-Faceted Perspective Essay

Brand loyalty is the ‘Holy Grail’ to all marketing organizations. Marketing practitioners are consumed by it. They search. They try. They dream. They want to achieve the ultimate in brand loyalty, making it so airtight that no competition can lure their consumers from their brands of products. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fit-all methodology. Competition is dynamic. There’s no way to accurately anticipate what the creativity of their competitors can bring to the marketplace, which can lead to the eventual overwhelming of an established brand. There’s no telling how the motivations and perceptions of their customers may change, having inundated by communications in every conceivable fashion on a daily basis. Yet the organizations that can achieve strong brand loyalty for their products can ensure profitability for their stakeholders. Those who cannot shall perish in the war of the marketplace. Building strong brand loyalty for a company’s products is not just an idea, or a one hit wonder. Rather, building strong brand loyalty is a process that requires management excellence. For this reason we look at brand loyalty from a multi-faceted perspective. Somewhere out there, among the numerous ideas and theories, may lie one that may help turn the fortune of an organization. Hà ¤rtel, C., Russell-Bennett, R., Worthington, S. (2010). Brand Management. A Tri-dimensional Approach for Auditing Brand Loyalty, 17(4), 243-253. Retrieved from http://palgrave-journals.com/bm/. In this article, the authors outline a framework for conducting a brand loyalty audit that uses a tri-dimensional approach, which are, cognitive (I think), emotive (I feel) and behavioral (I do) response. With different levels and intensity of brand loyalty, the tri-dimensional approach allows the manager to target the significant market segments more effectively. The authors have very strong academic credentials from universities in Australia. Worthington is a Professor of Marketing at Monash University specializing in distribution of financial services. Russel-Bennett is an Associate Professor at Queensland University with research and consulting work on the role of emotions in organizational and consumer behavior. Hà ¤rtel is a Professor of Organizational Behavior and Development and Director of the Social and Economic Interface Research at Monah University. In conducting the audit, the first step is to measure the current level of emotional, cognitive and behavioral loyalty, and then, in step two, prioritize the segments. Once the priorities are set, the manager will have to strategize to increase loyalty (if it is low) or maintain loyalty (if it is high). Thus, this article is for managers looking to evaluate the strength and flaws of their product, with the goal of brand loyalty in mind. This article has 24 references; nearly half of these references are based on the authors’ previous research involving brand loyalty and marketing, the other references help to build on concepts and research examples. The tri-dimensional audit faces two challenges. First, the framework is untested and therefore requires validation across product types. Second, the level of influence on priority and strategies is not knowable and therefore is subject to arbitration. More work has to be done on this model. Nevertheless, it introduces new ideas in understanding brand loyalty. Babur, M. N. & Naveed, F. (2011). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. The Real Battle Starts Now; Moving Beyond Brand Management, 2(12), 629- 635. Retrieved from http://ijcrb.webs.com. This article looks to examine the steps an organization can take after establishing the brand to achieve sustained brand loyalty. This can be achieved through continuous advertising and managing ethical burden. The authors describe ethical burden as the necessity of company to charge real cost of doing business, ensure quality of products and services and develop strong customer relations. The focus group study with a sample of 50 business professionals contends that by managing ethical burden with continuous advertising, it can lead to creating positive brand image and hence, brand loyalty, that will sustain the brand in the long term through repeat buying phenomena. Babur is an Assistant Professor and Principal at ISRA University, Islamabad Campus Pakistan. Naveed is a Senior Research Associate at Riphah International University, Islamabad Pakistan. There are 15 references in this article. The authors use these references to elaborate on concepts relating to marketing in regards to ethical burden, brand image, brand loyalty and, advertising in general. The results of the study indicate that a large portion of the repeat buying behavior is due to unexplained factors across purchasing occasions. The authors state that this study has a 72% of reliability, but did not show the calculation of how the number was derived. The written English is weak and some descriptions are not so clear. Despite this deficiency, this article provides marketing managers with another perspective to sustain brand loyalty. In regards to the 72% reliability, further research can incorporate quantitative methods of research to indentify outliers, which can lead to a more accurate study. Furthermore, additional research should link the actual strategy of using ethical burden and continuous advertising to sustain brand loyalty – preventing or postponing the decline of a mature brand in its product life cycle. Alwi, S. F. S. (2009). International Journal of Business and Society. Online Corporate Brand Images and Consumer Loyalty, 10(2), 1-19. Retrieved from http://feb.unimas.my. This article examines how, traditionally, organizations build their brand image targeting consumers through media such as television, newspapers, and radio. With the advent of online media, the author evaluates if offline brand success can be translated to a positive corporate brand image perception in the online environment. Using the personification approach, a sample of consumers was asked to rank a list of companies (by imagining the company was a human being) based on five main criteria: agreeableness; competence; ruthlessness; chic; and enterprise. The results were, then, compared to several pieces of previous research from both offline, and online perspectives. Syed Alwi is a Professor in the Faculty of Business & Accountancy at the University of Malaya in Malaysia. She received an honors degree in Business Management, and completed her Masters in Marketing all at Salford University in the United Kingdom. She received her PhD in Marketing at the University of Manchester. Managers looking to integrate their marketing plans into the online environment would find this information extremely useful. The article has about 50 references; most of which are used to incorporate ideas and results from previous research. The other references are used to build concepts involving the transition of marketing and branding into online media. When applying the personification results to previous research, it shows that there is a high correlation between high scores in the categories of agreeableness and informality, when compared to a high level of brand loyalty of online consumers. Therefore, for an organization to translate previous brand success to online success, it must portray itself as pleasant, friendly, supportive, open, easy and outgoing to targeted consumers. Using a research method like this seems arbitrary and a more structured research method like a longitudinal study would probably give less erratic results. Anderson, K. & Sharp, B. (2010). International Journal of Market Research. Do Growing Brands win Younger Consumers?, 52(4), 433-441. doi: 10.2501/S1470785309201387 This article attempts to shed some light on the presumption that younger consumers are less loyal and more willing to try new brands than older consumers. The authors analyzed 230 brands from 12 categories such as coffee, beer, internet service provider, and mobile phone. By comparing two periods of data, the authors were able to determine which brands grew and which declined. The results of each brand were, then, compared to an age profile. Consumers under the age of thirty were defined as ‘young’, and those over the age of fifty five were defined as ‘mature’. The research concludes that younger consumers are slightly easier to attract. This is because young consumers are more willing to take risks and their styles are not so fixed, whereas older consumers are more attached to certain existing brands. It is not easy to change the loyalty of buyers, but it is possible. Brand loyalty is indeed alive and well, it is not entirely entrenched. Sharp is a Professor of Marketing Science and Director of the Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science at the University of South Australia. Anderson is a Research Associate at the Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science at the University of South Australia. Sharp has published several academic papers and books including, â€Å"How Brands Grow† published by Oxford University Pres. Only 10 references are used as most of their data was purchased from one source, the other references allow them to compare data with similar works and draw scholarly conclusions. This article provides a new perspective that while the presumption that it is easier to attract younger consumers is true, the established marketers, to whom this article is intended for, should not target the younger consumers exclusively. Further research should use a larger variety of sources emphasizing exactly how a growing brand should target certain demographic groups in order to achieve greater sales volume. Grzeskowiak, S., Krishen, A. S., Labreque, L. I. (2011). Journal of Brand Management. Exploring Social Motivations for Brand Loyalty: Conformity versus Escapism, 18(7), 457-472. doi:10.1057/bm.2011.12 The authors identify two central moderating variables that explain brand loyalty, which are product knowledge and self-image congruence. Self-image congruence enhances brand loyalty for consumers who desire to conform to the groups or societies they are in. However, those that want to break away from these groups are called escapism-motivated consumers. Escapism-motivated consumers derive their brand loyalty from product knowledge, but product knowledge inhibits brand loyalty for those who are bound to conformity. This study shows that common communications for these two groups are asymmetrical. Labrecque is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at Northern Illinois University. She received her PhD in Marketing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Krishen is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Krishen logged 13 years of corporate experience before receiving her Masters and PhD in Marketing from Virginia Tech. The authors used about 60 cited references. However, only a handful of these references are used to expand on key concepts. Most of them are used to elaborate on results using graphs, tables, and cross tabulation. This study highlights the challenges facing the marketers when developing advertising messages for their intended audience. The marketers have to be mindful of the implication of their communications to their diverse group of consumers. This study, though, is limited to focusing only on two motivations – conforming versus escaping. But there are numerous other social motives that are likely to affect brand loyalty. Further research should be done to explore these boundaries. References Ahn, K., Hur, W., Kim, M. (2011). Management Decision. Building Brand Loyalty through Managing Brand Community Commitment, 49(7), 1194-1213. doi: 10.1108/ 00251741111151217 Alwi, S. F. S. (2009). International Journal of Business and Society. Online Corporate Brand Images and Consumer Loyalty, 10(2), 1-19. Retrieved from http://feb.unimas.my. Anderson, K. & Sharp, B. (2010). International Journal of Market Research. Do Growing Brands win Younger Consumers?, 52(4), 433-441. doi: 10.2501/S1470785309201387 Babur, M. N. & Naveed, F. (2011). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. The Real Battle Starts Now; Moving Beyond Brand Management, 2(12), 629-635. Retrieved from http://ijcrb.webs.com. Balasubramanian, S. K. & Patwardhan, H. (2011). Journal of Product and Brand Management. Brand Romance: A Complementary Approach to Explain Emotional Attachment toward Brands, 20(4), 297-308. doi: 10.1108/10610421111148315 Grzeskowiak, S., Krishen, A. S., Labreque, L. I. (2011). Journal of Brand Management. Exploring Social Motivations for Brand Loyalty: Conformity versus Escapism, 18(7), 457-472. doi:10.1057/bm.2011.12 Hà ¤rtel, C., Russell-Bennett, R., Worthington, S. (2010). Brand Management. A Tri-dimensional Approach for Auditing Brand Loyalty, 17(4), 243-253. Retrieved from http://palgrave-journals.com/bm/. Kharaim, H. S. (2011). International Journal of Marketing Studies. The Influence of Brand Loyalty on Cosmetics Buying Behavior of UAE Female Consumers, 3(2), 123-133. doi: 10.5539/ijms.v3n2pl23 Kwok, S., Uncles, M. D., Wang, C. (2010). Journal of Marketing Management. A Temporal Analysis of Behavioural Brand Loyalty among Urban Chinese Consumers, 26(9-10), 921-942. doi: 10.1080/02672570903441454 Tsai, S. (2010). International Business Review. Fostering International Brand Loyalty through Committed and Attached Relationships, 20(5), 521-534. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.10.001

Mental Illness Has Plagued The World For Hundreds Of Years.

Mental illness has plagued the world for hundreds of years. With mental illnesses came the increasing stigmatization towards them. Stigmatize is to â€Å"describe or regard as worthy of disgrace or great disapproval† (Oxford Dictionary) and a stigma is simply â€Å"a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person† (Oxford Dictionary). According to the US President’s Commission on Mental Health the stigmatization of mental illness has grown with the spread of media (qtd. Wahl 343). The problems society is faced with today is the stigmatization in the media. The substantial attention that has been focused recently on the image of mental illnesses had led to the conclusion that mental health attitudes are significantly†¦show more content†¦There are many categories of mental illness and many different levels. Many common disorders mentioned often are anxiety disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, body dysmorphic dis order, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Brian Smith accurately describes the status of mental illness and its negative connotations: With mental illness being so prominent, it becomes crucial to study why there are so many negative views directed toward those who are suffering from an illness. These negative views often include the idea that they are violent, incompetent, and at fault for their illness (Corrigan, 2004). Not only do the individuals suffer from the actual illness, but they are also forced to suffer from these unwarranted stereotypes. These views that society holds, in conjunction with the labels given to those with a mental illness, often make their condition exponentially worse. The stigmas they are subject to often impede their road to recovery, as well as create additional stress for those who help to care for them (World Health Organization, 2001). (1) Mental illnesses can be brought up in conversations in a flippant or negative way. Most people do not even realize when they have crossed the line of joking to being offensive. When someone is being offensive, purposeful or not, that is the time to call them out and help them become aware of theShow MoreRelatedThe Mentally Ill As A Proxy Solution For The Gun Crisis837 Words   |  4 Pagesmentally ill has become my life quest, yet the sad truth is that the rule of law does not fully protect this population of people. All to often the rights of individuals living with mental health conditions are infringed upon by elected officials who see the mentally ill as a proxy solution for the gun crisis we face in America. This minority group of society is seen as the perpetrator of violence and crime when data clear articulates the opposite. Yet, the data is ignored, the mental ill are stigmatizedRead MoreEssay on Edvard Munch1385 Words   |  6 Pagesfather was a doctor who often bought pa tients to the Munch home. His mother died when Edvard was five years old, his older sister died of disease at the age of fifteen, and Edvard himself was often ill. One of his youngest sisters was also diagnosed with a mental illness at an early age. With death and illness as a major element in his life, he felt the need to find a way of expressing this. After a year at a Technical school to study engineering, Munch became dedicated to his artwork. He left TechnicalRead MoreWars Caused From Wars By Elie Wiesel1305 Words   |  6 Pagesalso impact soldiers emotionally. Emotional death is prevalent in all wars, and it destroys America socially because of the isolationism it creates. Throughout the last two hundred years, America has been intertwined through conflicts creating significant time periods in history such as the Civil War, World War I, World War II, Vietnam, and the War on Terror. Newspaper articles, journals, essays, interviews, and charts have recorded the horrors of war. These documentations prove that society doesRead MoreThe Sanctuary1168 Words   |  5 Pagestheology throughout the years. By his 30th birthday he had visited over 20 countries including Israel, Africa and the United States being exposed to many different religions and cultures while accompanied by his childhood mentor and caretaker. Since his youth, Charles had been plagued with the guilt and burden of his younger sisters affliction. She was born with severe schizophrenia. Although misdiagnosed as childhood madness and then throughout her adolescent years the diagnosis progressedRead MoreA Brief Biography of Robert Lee Frost1119 Words   |  5 Pagesoccupations and alway s felt that poetry was his true calling. Robert’s career as a poet began early when he published his first poem in his high school newspaper. In 1894 he sold his first poem â€Å"My Butterfly. An Elegy†, for fifteen dollars, or four-hundred and nine dollars in todays value. It was published in the November 8, 1894, edition of the New York Independant. Following his accomplishment he purposed to Elinor White. Her answer was no, because she wanted to finish her schooling, prompted FrostRead MoreNurture : Is More Important Than Nature1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe ongoing debate of the topic â€Å"Nurture† is more important than â€Å"nature†, has been considered true many times throughout the world from books to real life scenarios and events, but what is our meaning of â€Å"nurture† and â€Å"nature†? The common aspect of â€Å"nurture† is where outside influences determine what we will be like society being an example, while â€Å"nature† is basically that genetics de termine the outcome of how people turn out. There is an easy argument for the case of â€Å"nurture†, but just becauseRead MoreA Short Note On 25 / 2016 Mesoamerican Medicine1590 Words   |  7 PagesErin Catherine Welch Ms. Browsh World Cultures 4/25/2016 Mesoamerican Medicine As the institutes across the world progress in the fields of medicine, they still advance in the same manner as the ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica. The outlook on medicine was made more scientifically relevant throughout each of the Mesoamerican civilizations, Mayan, Incan, and Aztec. Each tribe had a different view when it came to the topic of medicine, but for the mostRead MoreConcussions And Concussions On Sports1655 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most controversial topics has been head Injuries and even more specifically, concussions. A concussion is an injury to the brain or spinal cord due to jarring from a blow, fall, or the like; a shock caused by the impact of a collision, blow, etc.; the act of violently shaking or jarring. (dictionary.com) although people do not think so, these injuries have a lasting effect that could change life dramatically down the road. Should sports leagues all over the world be implementing more safety rulesRead MoreMarasco 10. . Depression. By. M ary Katherine Marasco. Ms.3212 Words   |  13 Pagesdiagnosed mental illness in the world- is also the most misunderstood. Depression?a sad or discontented mood?can leave a person feeling lethargic, unmotivated, or hopeless, and in some cases ? contemplate suicide. Unfortunately, depression usually begins as high levels of anxiety and with exposure to trauma in children. Higher levels of anxiety or exposure to stress-inducing and traumatic situations as a child could mean an increased risk of depression as an adult. Although a serious mental illness allRead MoreThe Applications of Psychology1367 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelop confidence in us, in the world we live in, and the skills we learned at some point allow us to survive (Ashby OBrien, 2005). The Psychology of Memory is one of the great themes of Experimental Psychology. The interest of researchers in psychology in its study goes back over a hundred years. Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) was the great pioneer in the experimental study of human memory in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, laying the foundation for what has come to mean the area for Experimental

Bill Of Rights †Freedom Of Religion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 408 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Bill Of Right Essay Did you like this example? The Bill of Rights protects individual liberties, natural rights and it limits the powers of the Federal Government, a very important Right listed in Amendment One of the Bill Of Rights is Freedom of Religion. The Constitution of the United States is split into seven parts, and one of those parts contains the Bill of Rights. There are 27 amendments in the U.S Constitution, but only the first ten are known as the Bill of Rights because they were the original Amendments on the constitution when it was ratified. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bill Of Rights – Freedom Of Religion" essay for you Create order Within the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights, the protection of Americas natural rights is outlined in the First Amendment, this incorporates the right for all citizens to practice their religion free from judgement, shame, discrimination and harassment. The United states is a country built upon the foundation of freedom. The freedom of religion is important because it is a right stated in the U.S constitution. If there was no freedom of religion the citizens of America would be forced into a religion they do not believe in. Philosopher John Locke in his ideals of the right to Life, Liberty, and Property, this one pertaining to liberty, freedom of religion is a natural right. If the government was able to control our religious beliefs then they would not be filling their part of the social contract because they would be violating citizens of the United States natural rights.   In the court case Braunfeld v Brown (1961) The Supreme Court ruled in favor of braunfeld stating they had not protected his right to practice what he believed. The right to freedom of religion is an important right that has been brought up by the supreme court various times. An example of one of these cases is the Braunfeld vs. Brown (1961) case. Braunfeld vs. Brown   was brought to the Supreme court because Abraham Braunfeld owned a clothing and home furnishing store in Philadelphia. As an Orthodox Jew, he was prohibited by his faith from working on the Sabbath, Saturday. The Pennsylvania blue law only allowed certain stores to remain open for business on Sundays. Braunfelds store was not one of those types allowed to be open. He challenged the law as a violation of the religious liberty clauses because he needed to be open six days a week for financial reasons and was prohibited from doing so by a tenet of his faith and the blue law.

Sex Slave Http ( / Topdocumentaryfilms ) - 1352 Words

Sex Slave: http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/sex-slaves/ Far from home, drugged, and bruised from head to toe these particular victims not only have and maybe still living a nightmare, but are scattered around the world in a binding industry that is close to impossible to stop. In Odessa Ukraine sex trafficking has become more than an issue, it’s become a profitable living for many people. Desperate for money or sold without a clue, these women have become part of a devastating cycle. With a group of detectives and the FRONTLINE’s production team, we see how the system is run and how easy it is to get in with no way out. The team brings in hidden cameras and fake clients to learn just how dangerous these systems can be. One specific group of†¦show more content†¦To sell and trade human beings to sexually use is an issue the whole world has been dealing with and has had no significant progression towards. We can teach in schools to say ‘NO’ to drugs but you can’t teach a child about the dangers of trafficking, in fact, you can barely address the topic with many adults. It’s not that it is a topic we aren’t concerned about, but it is a hard topic to actually have a good conversation over. In the LDS religion, we have no problem watching a movie about someone recovering from drugs or pornagraphy, but if the Mormon church were to display a mormon message (inspirational videos the LDS church makes) about someone recovering from human trafficking, I believe many would find it too hard to watch. We don’t like the subject and especially here in Utah where we are in a so called â€Å"bubble†, it’s hard to imagine that it would happen to us personally. Some may not even want to address it because it’s many times assumed that those who are involved with trafficking are runaways who willingly went into the business. You won’t find very many articles on prostitutes being abused in the newspaper, so why would you find women or men who are b eing sold as prostitutes forcefully? The world doesn’t like dealing with something that only the police should have to deal with. It’s not really something you want to get into and whether if that

Coca Cola Ad Analysis free essay sample

Coca-Cola has been one of the world’s leading manufacturers and distributors of soft drink beverages and other various products. Over the course of time, the company has grown tremendously and has spread many of its markets to a variety of different places. Since it first began, nobody would have thought that it would be where it is today and how big of an influence it would have on the public. This can strongly be attributed to the company’s smart yet robust advertising and marketing policies, which have enabled it to promote its product to the consumers. In one of Coca-Cola’s advertisements, the company attempts to create a relationship between the product and consumer while displaying how the drink is a part of American culture. The idea that is being portrayed is meant to appeal to American interests by means of longstanding segments of American culture. In this advertisement, the logo at the very bottom reads, â€Å"A classic never goes out of style. We will write a custom essay sample on Coca Cola Ad Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † As we can see, the image of the coke bottle consists of many pictures pertaining to American history. Regardless of whether or not a person had ever purchased a coke product, the design of the bottle immediately grasps the consumer’s attention. This is mainly due in part by the bottle’s depiction of traditional themes that people can relate to. For example, the artist who created the image included The Beatles, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The American Flag, The Rolling Stones, Baseball, and a Cadillac, which can all be characterized as â€Å"American Classics†. Altogether, they represent some of the values that which America was built upon and what people have learned to love. Consequently, the assumption that is being made is that Coca-Cola is also an â€Å"American Classic†. It is quite clear that while the product may be considered just a drink, it is in fact more than that. By relating the beverage to some of America’s longstanding roots, the company has without a doubt created a closer relationship between product and consumer. People can view the image of the bottle and automatically be inclined to buy the product for themselves due to the sheer fact that the pictures are of such great importance to our society. Additionally, it is essential to note another subtle yet key idea that is being portrayed in the advertisement. Firstly, something that is considered to be a â€Å"classic† has to be of great significance and influence compared to other subjects in its category. While â€Å"classics† may forever be a part of our culture, the impression given by Coca-Cola is that Coke will never go out of style.

Presidential Powers Essays (871 words) - , Term Papers

Presidential Powers presidential powers From the inception of the Constitution, there has always been a power struggle between the President and Congress. In the beginning, Madison and the Jeffersonians were placed in a gridlock with Hamilton and his school of political philosophy. Andrew Jackson fought to extend the powers of the President, then Congress spent 50 years fighting to repeal the powers of the Executive. Abraham Lincoln refined Jacksonian presidential politics, then Congress impeached his successor, Andrew Johnson, for fear of another quasi tyrannical President. Even today, a Congress, whose majority is of the same party as the President, fights 24 hours a day to check the power of President George W. Bush. But why, and how? Inherent Power Struggles Within the Constitution: Article I, Section I All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives VS. Article II, Section I The executive power shall be vested i n a President of the United States of America Article II, Section II The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States - The Founders ambiguous and contradicting language sets the stage for a power struggle between the Executive and the Legislative branches - Being that the Founders were political masterminds, they realized that unique circumstances would demand some deviations from the restraints that the Constitution places on both the Executive and the Legislature - Founders anticipated that during times of crisis, the nation would need a more unilaterally decisive Executive - Though the Commander and Chief clause was, more likely than not, created specifically for Washington, to assume that the Framers did not anticipate that in times of national crisis this power would be paramount, is to undermine the intelligence and foresight of the men i n question. - Thus, this study assumes that the Framers wrote the constitution ambiguously to afford both, the Executive and Legislative, branches the ability to flex and recoil political and constitutional clout in light of the crisis that are presented at any given time. To more simply present my thesis, I would like to explain my stand as an opinion which holds that the powers of the President have not been enhanced or hampered over the last 250 years; instead I am arguing that the power of the Executive is enhanced during times of crisis, due to the need of a unilaterally decisive Executive. The language found in the constitution, which was purposely written ambiguously, helps precipitate this occurrence. The Presidents power is checked again by Congress once the crisis has subsided, maintaining a balance between the powers of Congress and the President. This also explains why, as a rule, a great/powerful executive is never proceeded by a more great/powerful president. Historica lly, the greatest friction between the Congress and the President have been in relation to war, fiscal policy, social policy, and Power. My course work has taken a historical survey of all of Americas Presidents, especially those in office during times of significant crisis, to support my claims. To better elaborate on my thesis, I use Lincoln and the Civil War, FDR and the Great Depression/ WWII, and George Bush and Operation Desert Storm as a means to gel the given claims. - Lincoln and the Civil War - Powers assumed, unilateral decisions, refinement of Jacksonian principles, intimidation of Congress, living legacy - Johnson and the Attack on the President - Repeal of powers, stripping of authority, veto power nullified, impeachment - FDR and the Return of the Jacksonian Executive - Passed provocative legislation, unilateral decisions, waged war on the Great Depression, entered WWII, most powerful Executive of the 20th century - Bush and the Contemporary Paradigm - Operation Deser t Storm, used of Commander in Chief, public polling before and after war on Iraq, crisis as tool to pass tough legislation - Clinton and the Assault on the Executive - Hard times with Congress, public opinion polls, lack of political clout with chief legislators, non living legacy Contemporary Implications: The